Elderberries
The American Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) is a native North American shrub or small tree, valued for its fragrant flowers, edible berries, and ecological benefits. Typically growing 6 to 12 feet tall, though it can sometimes reach up to 15 feet, it thrives in moist, well-drained soils and is often found in wetlands, along streams, or in forest edges. In late spring to early summer, American elderberry produces large, flat clusters of small, creamy-white flowers that attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies. These flowers are followed by dark purple to black berries in late summer, which are commonly used to make jams, jellies, syrups, and wines. While the berries are rich in vitamins and antioxidants, they must be cooked before consumption, as raw elderberries can be toxic. American elderberry is also valued for its ability to support wildlife, as birds and mammals feed on its berries. Easy to grow and low-maintenance, the American Elderberry is an excellent addition to both ornamental and functional gardens, offering seasonal beauty and a variety of uses.
The European Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is a large deciduous shrub or small tree native to Europe, but it has been widely cultivated in North America for its attractive flowers, edible berries, and medicinal properties. Typically growing 10 to 12 feet tall, with a spread of 8 to 10 feet, it produces large clusters of small, white or cream-colored flowers in late spring to early summer, which have a sweet, fragrant aroma and attract pollinators like bees and butterflies. In late summer or early fall, the flowers give way to dark purple to black berries, which are often used for making syrups, wines, jams, and jellies. European elderberries are rich in antioxidants and have a long history of use in folk medicine to boost immunity and treat colds and flu, though the raw berries and other parts of the plant can be toxic and should only be consumed after proper preparation. This elderberry variety thrives in well-drained, fertile soils and full sun to partial shade, making it a versatile addition to gardens or landscapes. Its ornamental value, along with its practical uses, makes European Elderberry a popular choice for both gardeners and foragers.
The Red Elderberry (Sambucus racemosa) is a deciduous shrub or small tree native to North America, known for its striking red berries and ornamental appeal. Typically growing 6 to 12 feet tall, it has an upright, spreading form and thrives in moist, well-drained soils, often found in forest edges, stream banks, and wetlands. In late spring to early summer, Red Elderberry produces dense clusters of small, white or cream-colored flowers that are fragrant and attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies. These flowers are followed by vibrant red berries in late summer, which, unlike the dark berries of other elderberries, are not typically consumed raw due to their mild toxicity, but can be processed for use in jellies or syrups after proper preparation. The leaves of the Red Elderberry are finely serrated and provide a lush green backdrop to its striking flower and fruit displays. While the red berries are not as commonly used as those of the American or European elderberry, this plant offers significant value as an ornamental shrub, providing wildlife habitat and a touch of color in the landscape.
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Email: jcgardenandfarm@gmail.com
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